1. Turobin - Centrum miejscowości

Jews in Turobin - Until 1918. - It is not known exactly when Jews appeared in Turobin.They may have been here as early as around 1420. Or between 1516 and 1530. In 1564. there were 60 Jewish families.Jewish settlement intensified in the last quarter of the 16th century. due to the inclusion of Turobin in the Zamoyski Ordinance and the rapid economic development of the city. The Zamoyski family, bestowing numerous privileges on Jews, including. the right to buy and build houses near the market, carry out commercial activities within the city, and encouraged them to settle in all centers belonging to the ordinance. Jews made their living from crafts and trade, among other things. grain, honey, alcohol, salt, meat, cloth, wool, fish, colonial goods, furs and hides. Additional sources of income were horticulture, farming, cattle breeding, leasing mills and inns, trading real estate and conducting financial operations. In the 16th century. conflicts between Jewish and Christian merchants and craftsmen intensified in Turobin.In 1591. students of the St. Thomas School. The Spirit attacked several local Jews. There was no separate Jewish quarter in Turobin, most of the Jews lived on ul. Jewish Street and by the market. In 1567. Or as late as the early 17th century. An independent municipality was established, of which by 1775. were subject to, among others. Jews of Zolkiewka. In the late 16th or early 17th century. A synagogue was built, in the early 17th century. while the area for the cemetery was delineated. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), many Jewish refugees from Western Europe appeared in the town.In 1648, Khmelnitsky's Cossacks burned the town and murdered some Jews. The community was probably reborn in the late 17th or early 18th century.It owned a brick synagogue, a wooden beit ha-midrash, a poorhouse and a mikvah. Representatives of the Turobin community took part in the deliberations of the Diet of the Four Lands. At the end of the 18th century. Moshe ben Pinkas, who came from Turobin, was a member of the Jewish representation at the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792), and participated in the deliberations on reforming the Jewish communities in Poland. In the late 18th and 19th centuries. The local Jewish community was heavily influenced by the Haskalah, later - by the Hasidic movement. For some time Israel Morgenstern, brother of the famous tzaddik Menachem Mendel of Kock, lived and worked in the city. In the first half of the 19th century. The rabbi of Turobin was a disciple of Yaakov Yitzchak ha-Levi Horowitz "the Seer from Lublin" - Noach Shmuel Lipszyc.In the 19th century. The municipality was growing rapidly in terms of demographics. In 1825. A new brick synagogue was built, and a new cemetery was built outside the city.From the late 19th century. the first Jewish leather processing industries and backyard weaving factories were in operation. In 1913. Jewish Public Library was established. Difficult economic conditions forced many Jews to emigrate, among others. to the United States (in 1913 alone, about 300 people went overseas). Before the outbreak of World War I, during and just after the war, there were anti-Jewish incidents in Turobin, in which many Jews were injured. The war brought severe destruction to the settlement and impoverished the residents. .